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Dr. Abhishek Soni Assistant Professor Department of Management Studies JIET Group of Institutions, Jodhpur House No. 10/154 Chopasani Housing Board, Jodhpur, Rajasthan(342 001) Contact No.- +91 98280 31516 Email: drabhishekmahecha@gmail.com |
Ms. Sheetal Soni Senior Research Fellow Department of Management Studies Jai Narain Vyas University, Jodhpur House No. 10/154 Chopasani Housing Board, Jodhpur, Rajasthan(342 001) Contact No.- +91 97726 64525 Email: sheetaljasmatiya@gmail.com |
SOX: Creating the Public Accounting Oversight Board and Increased Corporate Responsibility – The Sarbanes-Oxley Act, also known as Sarbox or SOX was passed in July 2002 in response to the rash of real and perceived failures in corporate governance and financial disclosure. Its primary emphasis was to enhance the quality and transparency of corporate disclosure and force changes in the auditing of publicly traded companies. These objectives were achieved in a number of ways by the passing of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. The present paper highlights the role of different types of Board of Directors and their obligation towards the long run performance of an organization. It also highlights the reforms mandated by SOX Act to enhance corporate responsibility and financial disclosure and to combat corporate and accounting fraud.
Keywords: Accounting, Disclosure, Governance, Whistleblower
The term corporate governance is the set of processes, principles and systems through which a company is governed which provide the guidelines as to how the company can be controlled or directed in such a way that it can fulfill its objectives and goals in a manner which adds to the value of the company and also imparts benefits for all the stakeholders in the long run. Stakeholders here include all ranging from the board of directors to management to shareholders to customers to employees and society. Thus, the company management presumes the role of a trustee for all the others.
Corporate governance is related to maintain the balance between social goals and economic goals and also between individual and communal goals. The governance framework encourages the efficient use of resources and equally requires accountability for the stewardship of those resources. The aim is to align the interests of individuals, corporations and society. Corporate governance is based on the principles for conducting the business with all integrity, fairness, and being transparent with all the transactions, making the necessary disclosures and decisions, complying with the laws of the land, accountability and responsibility towards the stakeholders and commitment of conducting the business in an ethical manner. (Thomson, 2009)
A corporation is a mechanism established to allow different parties to contribute capital, expertise, and labor for their mutual benefit. The investor/ shareholder participate in the profits of the enterprise without taking responsibility for the operations. Management runs the company without being responsible for personally providing the funds. To make this possible, laws have been passed that give shareholders limited liability and limited involvement in a corporation’s activities. The involvement does include, however, the right to elect directors who have a legal duty to represent the shareholders and protect their interests. (Thomas L. Wheelen, 2013)
The board of directors therefore has an obligation to approve all decisions that might affect the long-run performance of the corporation. This means that the corporation is fundamentally governed by the board of directors overseeing top management, with the concurrence of the shareholder. The term corporate governance refers to the relationship among these three groups in determining the direction and performance of the corporation. It is the duty of the board to select, evaluate, and approve appropriate compensation for the company’s Chief Executive Officer (CEO), to evaluate the attractiveness of and pay dividends, recommend stock splits, oversee share repurchase programs, approve the company’s financial statements, and recommend or strongly discourage acquisitions and mergers. They are responsible for providing stewardship of not only management functions but also operations of the institution. In India, like in other countries, the principal role of the board – as representatives of the shareholders – is to monitor the working of the organization and to protect the interests of all stakeholders. With increase in complexity in the structure of organizations, the expectations from the board of directors have increased. Indian boards in today’s competitive global era must move away from the so-called rubber stamp board to being a strategic asset for the company. (Thomas L. Wheelen, 2013)
However, there is a developing worldwide consensus concerning the major responsibilities of the board which falls under the order of importance as following:
In Indian law, the board owes a strict judiciary duty to ensure that the company runs in the long term interest of owner with key responsibilities such as:
The boards of directors are involved in strategic management to the extent that it carries out the three tasks of monitoring, evaluating and influencing, and initiating and determining. The below listed chart Board of Director’s continum reveals the possible degree of involvement (from low to high). Board can ranges from Phantom Boards with no real investment to Catalyst Boards with a very high degree of involvement. Active board involvement in strategic management is positively related to a corporation’s credit rating and financial performance.
Source: T.L. Wheelen and J.D. Hunger, Board of Directors Continuum
The majority boards of the public corporations are composed of both inside and outside directors. Inside directors (who are also called as management directors) are those officers or executives who are employed by the corporation. Outside directors (who are also called as non-management directors) may be the executives of some other firms but are not employees of the board’s corporation. In India, according to the policy of Department of Public Enterprises, the Board of Directors of Public Sector Undertakings should consist of:
i. Full time functional directors number must not exceed 50% of the actual strength
of the board;
ii. Government directors number must not exceed one-sixth of the actual strength
of the board wherein no case the number should exceed two;
iii. Non-official part-time directors number should be at least one-third of the
actual strength of the board
The board of the organization may comprise of different type of directors which may include:
a) Executive Director who is also known as inside director. They are full time employees/ executives of the company. Their power and status is derived from their respective position in the hierarchy of the company. According to the Clause 49 of SEBI’s listing Agreements, every listed entity requires to reserve half the board for independent directors if the chairman is an executive director.
b) Non Executive Directors are outside directors who do not hold any management position in the organization. They are the people who have been chosen to sit exclusively on the board of the company. According to the Clause 49 of SEBI’s listing Agreements, “independent director” means non executive director of the organization who:
i. does not have any material relationship with the organization apart from receiving director’s remuneration;
ii. not related to promoters or management at board level or one level below the board;
iii. has not been executive of the organization in the last preceding three financial years:
iv. is not a partner or an executive of the statutory audit firm or the internal audit firm which is associated with the organization;
v. is not a supplier, service provider or organization’s customer; and
vi. is not a substantial shareholder of the organization
c) Nominee Director is third party stakeholders such as government, foreign collaborators, holding companies and financial institutions or other lenders.
d) Representative Director is appointed to represent the interest of a stakeholder group such as consumer, employees, suppliers etc.
e) Shadow Director is also known as deemed director who is not is not named or appointed as director but imparts instructions (not professional advice)
f) Associate Director is titled to senior managers who are not on the board of the organization. This title is given as a sign of appreciation and recognition for work done.
The listed companies in India are by obligations of Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) has to comply with corporate governance code from January 2000 which was further reviewed in 2003 by a new committee which was headed by Mr. N R Narayana Murthy, who defined a complete and good set of corporate governance system as one which attaches "a high degree of priority towards the interests of shareholders who have placed their trust in the company to use the funds wisely and effectively". But unfortunately, the reforms of the corporate governance have been on paper only. The system is still considered to quite hollow by the fact that the "independent directors" are all nominated by the controlling group whom they are supposed to supervise.
A big majority of the listed companies of India have destroyed shareholder value. Whether proper attention to the shareholders’ interest has been given by a company or not, would ordinarily get reflected in two indicators of shareholders' return, viz., dividends and capital appreciation.
The legislation came into existence in 2002 and introduced major changes to the regulations of financial practice and corporate governance. This act was named after Senator Paul Sarbanes and Michael Oxley , which sets a number of deadlines for compliance. (SOX Law, 2006)
Towards the corporate scandals, the U.S. Congress passed the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) in June 2002. It was particularly designed to protect the shareholders from the excess and failed oversight that characterized lapses and failures at Tyco, World Com, Enron, Qwest and Global Crossing and other prominent firms. There were several key elements of SOX act which were designed to formalize greater independence on board and oversight. To quote, the act requires that all directors serving on the audit committee should be independent of the firm and receive no fees other than that of director. The board will not grant loans to corporate officers. The act has also established formal procedures for individuals (whistleblowers) to report incidents of questionable accounting or auditing. The corporation’s financial information must be certified by both the CFO and CEO. The act also bans auditors to provide both internal and external audit services to the same company.
The provisions of the Sarbanes Oxley Act state the criminal and the civil penalties for certification of internal auditing, non-compliance, and for increase in financial disclosures. It has also affected the public U.S. companies and a non-U.S. company with presence in U.S. SOX is all concerned about corporate governance and financial disclosure. (Sarbanes Oxley 101, 2005)
The SOX Act necessitate all financial reports to be comprised of with an Internal Controls Report which confirms that a financial data of the company is accurate and adequate controls are available to safeguard the financial data. Year-end financial disclosure reports are also a needed requirement. A SOX auditor is needed to review policies, controls, and procedures during audit. SOX auditing need that internal controls and procedures can be audited by via a control framework like COBIT.
Log collection and monitoring systems should provide an audit trail of all the access and activity to sensitive business information. Sarbanes-Oxley also promotes the disclosure of corporate fraud by protecting whistleblower employees of publicly traded companies or their subsidiaries who reports illegal activities. Section 806 of Sarbanes Oxley Act authorizes the U.S. Department of Labor to protect whistleblower complaints against the employers who retaliate and also authorizes the Department of Justice to criminally charge against all those who are responsible for the retaliation.
To a large extent, the Act significantly increased the consequences of violations of the securities laws, actions for fraud, and other federal offenses. Law violations are subject to longer imprisonment and increased fines.
| Crime | Previous Penalty | New Penalty Under the Act |
| Mail Fraud (903) | Up to 5 Years in Prison | Up to 20 Years in Prison |
| Wire Fraud (903) | Up to 5 Years in Prison | Up to 20 Years in Prison |
| Violation of Exchange Act (904) | Fine for Individual: 1 Million $ | Fine for Individual: 5 Million $ |
(Source: corporate.findlaw.com)
An alteration, falsification, or destruction of any document with the intent to obstruct any federal investigation (whether related or not related to securities) is subject to criminal penalties. Addition to this, directors and officers, and acting persons their direction, are prohibited from manipulating, misleading, coercing, or fraudulently influencing the auditor of a public company's financial statements if that person knew or should have known that the action could cause the company's financial statements to be materially misleading. (Frantz, 2008)
With reaction to the Enron- and WorldCom accounting scandals, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) was passed and became law on 30 July, 2002. Although the sweeping legislation had unassailable goals preventing and deterring future accounting fraud, protecting the shareholders and increasing their confidence in public company financial reporting and, thus, in the U.S. capital markets it was disruptive. It imposed great number of new duties and costs on public companies and firms of accounting, and a decade later, people were still split about whether the money, time and focus lost to SOX are worth the benefits it has given. (MALESKE, 2012)
Corporate governance should begin with an unambiguous definition of the duties, accountability and authority, for the directors of the board and management. Special emphasis must be placed on the accountability of the board of directors towards the shareholders and their independence from management. It has been very understandable that the stockholders’ annual meeting and a proxy report controlled by management are not sufficient to offer shareholders with firsthand information on the performance of the corporation and the management. The alternatives are to increase the frequency and extent of information given to the shareholders, or to include several individuals directly nominated the stockholders on the board of directors. The second alternative appears to be more cost effective which allows more efficient and timely communication with the stockholders. The presence of independent directors also improves the control mechanisms on the operation and performance of the board of directors.
Though implementing best practices of the corporate governance would result in additional operating costs, it must be emphasized that the good corporate governance is not an option but an obligation, if shareholder’s interest is to be protected. Compliance costs are very small fraction of the gargantuan losses which are suffered by stockholders who have invested in the companies whose shares became worthless because they did not comply with good corporate governance practices. Stockholders of Enron and WorldCom suffered losses of more than $100 billion, while the most aggressive estimates of Sarbanes-Oxley compliance costs amount to be less than $5 billion.
Frantz, M. A. (2008). FindLaw. Retrieved January 16, 2015, from Ccorporate.findlaw.com: http://corporate.findlaw.com/finance/corporate-governance-redefined-the-sarbanes-oxley-act-of-2002.html
MALESKE, M. (2012, January 01). Retrieved January 16, 2015, from Inside Counsel: http://www.insidecounsel.com/2012/01/01/8-ways-sox-changed-corporate-governance?page=8
Thomas L. Wheelen, J. D. (2013). Concepts in Strategic Management and Business Policy Towards Global Sustainability. Pearson.
Thomson, L. M. (2009, January 18). Retrieved January 15, 2015, from www.economictimes.indiatimes.com: http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-01-18/news/28462497_1_corporate-governance-satyam-books-fraud-by-satyam-founder
