Volatility can be estimated in two ways viz., historical and implied, whereas historical volatility shows the past and the implied volatility shows the future movements of the market. Estimation of implied volatility (IV) will be helpful for the market participants including hedgers, arbitrageurs and speculators. The study attempts to approximate IV of Index options of National stock exchange of India using three different models viz. the Corrado-Miller's Model (1996), Brenner-Subrahmanyam's Model (1988) and Bharadia-Christopher- Salkin's Model (1996) and to estimate the market behaviour by comparing calculated IV with the India VIX on four option index namely S&P CNX Nifty options, Nifty Midcap 50 options, Bank Nifty options and CNX IT options. Near month At-the-money contract were chosen for the period of five years and ten months from 2nd March 2009 to 31st December 2014 for all the four indices. The findings of the study reveal that in most of the contracts the calculated IV is different from the India VIX. The market participants could make their investment strategies based on the calculated volatility appropriately (whether underpriced or overpriced). The speculators especially are interested in the volatility trading this could help them in a big way to position them-self in the market movement. Keywords: Implied volatility (IV), India Volatility Index (VIX), Corrado-Miller's Model, Brenner-Subrahmanyam's Model, Bharadia- Christopher-Salkin's Model.

The survival of the sugar industry is extremely dependant on the relationship of that industry with cane growers of the nearby area as it becomes expensive to transport sugar cane from a far off area. Sugar cane the base raw material from which sugar is obtained is the key member in the value chain network of a sugar industry. Sugar industries need to have a motivated team of farmers who can perpetually continue to supply sugar cane to the industry. hence it becomes imperative to understand the perception of sugar farmers and how demographics has an influence over it. The study was conducted over a forty five day period in May and June 2015 at Panruti area in Cuddalore district of Tamil Nadu and included 105 respondents. This study should help the sugar industries to understand the significance of demographics in the way their role is perceived by the sugar cane farmers. The companies can employ a differentiated strategy based on demographics to ensure the mutual benefit of industry and farmers. Future studies can be based on farmers based on other sugar growing areas as also farmers of other crops who sell their produce directly to industries. keywords: Sugar Industry, Tamilnadu, Survival, Sugar Cane Growers

Infrastructure is the pre-requisite for the development of any economy. Infrastructure is the backbone of any economy. Unless adequate and proper infrastructure, there can't be sustainable development. The study analyses the inter district disparities in social infrastructure in Punjab for the period from 1981 to 2011 in order to compare prereform (1981-1991) and post-reform (2001-2011) changes. The study undertook variables, namely number of educational institutions, number of teachers in educational institutions, number of medical institutions, number of beds in medical institutions, number of hospitals, number of dispensaries and number of Primary Health Centres. The study found that inter district disparities do exist in all these variables during the period and the disparity has increased from pre-reform period to post-reform period. The study concluded that inter district disparities can be eradicated by investing in both public and private sectors. More investment in the social sectors like education, health services and other development activities is the need of the hour. Keywords: Punjab, Infrastructure, Economic Development, Social Infrastructure.

Agriculture plays an essential role in the process of economic development of less developed countries like India. Besides providing food to nation, agriculture releases labour, provides saving, contributes to market of industrial goods and earns foreign exchange. In India, agriculture was the main source of national income and occupation at the time of Independence. Agricultural sector occupies a key position in the Indian economy, mainly because of three reasons. First, agriculture constitutes largest share of country's national income though the share has declined from 55 percent in early 1950s to about 14.6 percent by the turn of the century. Second, more than half of India's work force is employed in agriculture sector. Third, growth of other sectors and overall economy depends on performance of agriculture to a considerable extent. Because of these reasons agriculture continues to be the dominant sector in Indian Economy. Through this paper, we tried to show the trends in production, area and yield of food grains in the pre economic reforms period. The entire period has been divided into three sub periods for analytical convenience and to facilitate comparison i.e. (1) 1951-52 to 1965-66 (2) 1966-67 to 1979-80 and (3)1980-81 to 1990-91. The study uses the Average Compound Growth Rate (ACGR) for analyzing the data. Keywords: Agriculture; Productivity; Food Grains; Pre Economic Reforms Period; ACGR

Since the inception, Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) play a significant role in the development of rural areas in India by providing needed financial assistance to agriculture, trade, commerce, industry and other productive activities in the rural areas. Credit and other financial facilities are extended particularly to small and marginal farmers, agricultural laborers, artisans, and small entrepreneurs with a view to strengthening these activities in rural areas. The RRBS have more reached to the rural area of India, through their huge branch network. Now, RRBs become key financial institutions at the rural level which shoulders responsibility of fulfilling the rural needs of different types of agriculture credit in rural areas. Telangana Grameena Bank (TGB) is one of the rural banks in Telangana state showing good performance in respect of deposits and advances, profitability and non-performing assets (NPAs) in backward district of the state. The present study examines the performance of the TGB by analyzing the key performance indicators such as number of banks branches, deposits, advances, priority sector lending, profitability of the bank and NPAs during the period of 10 years from 2005 – 2014. Key words: Regional Rural Banks, Deposits, Advances, Profitability, Priority Sector and NPAs

Since the inception of the internet, there has always been a gender gap in using the internet globally. This paper aims to present the current literature available on online purchase behaviour, emphasizing on how men and women differ in both their perceptions of the risks associated with shopping online. The review includes a summary of around 35 research papers of repute which help us in understanding the Online Purchase behaviour of females and males along with areas including, effect of online customer reviews on both the gender and probable reasons for shopping cart abandonment. The research article tries to find out the gap in the current literature where further research can be extended and areas where something new can be added in the existing body of knowledge. Keywords:- Online shopping, e-commerce, gender differences, online consumer behaviour, attitude, perception, online reviews,

The banking sectors are act as catalyst in achieving rapid economic development of a country. They act as an intermediary to mobilize the excess fund of surplus sectors to provide necessary finance to those sectors, which are needed to promote for the sound development of the economy. The sound financial position of a bank depends upon the recovery of loans or its level of Non-performing assets (NPAs). Therefore the study of non-performing assets of Banks assumes a great importance in a developing economy. The present study is on Non- Performing assets: A case study of Syndicate Bank over the period of five years (2011-2015). The research paper is based on the secondary data. The collected data is analyzed using mean, percentage. Regression, Student t-test and one way Anova test. The study concluded that NPAs are draining the capital of the banks and weakening their financial strength. Management of non-performing assets is a difficult task for every bank in the banking industry. Willful defaults, improper processing of loan proposals, poor monitoring and so on are the causes for accounts becoming NPAs. Therefore, banks must take more care in avoiding any account becoming NPA by taking proper preventive measures in an efficient manner. Keywords: Gross NPA, Net NPA, Gross Advances, Net Advances, Banks

In the present era, organizations cannot sustain competitive advantage and growth unless they take care of the different needs of their employees. Suitable working conditions, monetary and non-monetary benefits, amicable working environment, appropriate working schedules, regular communication etc. are some of the factors which can be helpful in winning the trust and whole hearted commitment of workforce. Quality of work life (QWL) is related to those factors which influence the life of the individuals which they spend while working for their organisations. It encompasses certain subjective and objective indicators which are related to the well being of the employees in the organisation. QWL of employees in an organisation is the indicator of the significance which an organisation attaches to their employees. In this regard, the present paper attempts to examine the concept of QWL. The study discussed four main issues related with QWL. Firstly, individual versus organizational perspective is discussed. Secondly, subjective versus objective approach of QWL is presented. Thirdly, QWL is discussed as a domain of quality of life. In the last, the concept of customized QWL is discussed. The paper is based on secondary sources of data. Key words: Well-being, Satisfaction, Dignity, Holistic.

This article seeks to understand practices in retailing sector in two countries Malaysia and India and to identify further scope of research in organized retailing sector in India as compare to Malaysia. Review of literature has been done. Research papers on retailing from both countries( India & Malaysia) has beenreviewed to understand;What is organized retailing and how it is gaining momentum in Asia, How organized retailing is operated in Malaysia and India, How can India take lessons from Malaysia as an example of success in Organized Retail? On the basis of the literature reviewed, gap analysis has been made