More than 100 million people will die and global economic growth will be cut by 3.2% of GDP by 2030 if the world fails to tackle climate change, a report commissioned by 20 governments said on September 12, 2016, Survey conducted by humanitarian organisation DARA The above statement explains the need of tackling global warming. The simplest way to control the GHGs is to stop using fossil fuels. But this is neither practically feasible nor commercially viable. Countries do not want to compromise in their growth rate hence reduction of carbon emissions seems very difficult. A common viable plan has thus been devised to systematically reduce the emission of GHGs that will not force us to change our present life style. This process is known as Carbon Trading. When trade arises, accounting and taxation comes to action. This research paper primarily focuses on the accounting and taxation issues of certified emission reduction (CERs) (generated through clean development mechanism or voluntary emission trading schemes). The main objective of the study includes- understanding the accounting treatment of CERs and taxation issues of CERs. Primary data are collected from 148 respondents. Six hypothesis are framed based on recognition of CERs in book of accounts, valuations of CERs held for inventory, different methods of recognition of revenue from sale of CERs in books of accounts, different points of time at which revenue from sale of CERs is recognized in the books of accounts, different heads of direct tax when it is imposed on sale of CERsand different heads of indirect tax when it is imposed on sale of CERs. Chi square test is applied to test the hypotheses. The result shows that out of six, five hypotheses are rejected. The results shows that there exist significant difference between recognition of CERs in book of accounts, valuations of CERs held for inventory, different methods of recognition of revenue from sale of CERs in books of accounts, different heads of direct tax when it is imposed on sale of CERsand different heads of indirect tax when it is imposed on sale of CERs.Based on the responses, 73.33% of respondents believed that the CERs should be valued at cost or net realizable value whichever is less. 42.55% believed that income from sale of CERs should be included in “Income from Business /Profession” head. Tables and charts are drawn to analyses the data. This paper can foster for further research.

This paper attempts to find out the difference in the impact of comparative and non-comparative advertisements. A conceptual model was developed to find the impact of various measures on purchase intention. By conducting a detailed analysis on a sample size of 109 respondents, we found that comparative advertisements are significantly different from non-comparative advertisements. We found that comparative advertisements are more involving in nature. However, the believability of such advertisements is usually lower and may lead to a negative attitude towards the advertisement. Despite the negativity associated with it, respondents had a higher purchase intention. The attitude towards the sponsored brand is also higher in such cases. The research allows managers to gain insights into the advertising scenario and the impacts it can have on the sales of the company.

The purpose of present research is to explain the role of credit source in marketing of apple in Jammu & Kashmir and the research is carried out in apple producing districts of Jammu and Kashmir by selecting respondents through multi-stage sampling design. Various financing/credit sources as well as marketing channels were evaluated and opinions of peasants related to impact of credit on choice of marketing channel were evaluated by using mean and percentile methods. Results of the study shows that choice exercised by peasants in selecting a particular marketing channel and location depends on the nature of contract signed by peasants while raising the credit for effective farming. It is the credit providing player/source who exercises the choice in selecting the selling location ad channel. Further, the flexibility related to marketing and peasant’s contact with market is more where the financers are institutional sources. The possible limitations of the study are that data includes only five districts of Jammu & Kashmir and study is confined to apple financing schemes and sources, so results may not always fully generalize to all regions of India, for all situations.

Bell metal handicraft is an important handicraft of Assam. Different products of this handicraft have been getting socio-cultural and religious importance over centuries. The uniqueness of this handicraft is that the technique of production is purely traditional and hereditary. Though there is no any shortage of demand of the products of the handicraft, there are ample opportunities to increase the flow of tourist to Sarthebari through product adaptation. There are number of studies undertaken on bell metal handicraft of Sarthebari most of which highlighted the problems of the handicraft. No studies are found which focused on the potentialities of product adaptation. The study is based on primary and secondary data. Primary data were collected through focus group discussion, unstructured personal interview and Delphi method. The study concludes with some recommendations.

Investors friendly business environment are necessary to greeting new entrepreneurs in the country. To promote and motivate foreign as well as local investor, government around the world are introducing reforms through amendment and legislative reforms, tax reforms, banking reforms, liberalise economic and trade polices which helps the economy to grow. To fostering the economic growth of a nation foreign direct investment plays an important role. To attract greater required to reduced the role of government so that providing suitable business environment to the new entrepreneurs. For assessing the business environment, World Bank in 2002 launched the Doing Business index. The aim of this Doing Business report of World Bank is help the developing countries in making regulatory reforms so that accelerate the economic growth of countries.

Gold is one of the most preferred forms of investment among Marwari businessmen. They invest in both physical and non-physical form of gold. Through, this paper, attempt was made to find the investment preference of Marwari businessmen of Guwahati city towards physical and non-physical form of gold. Data were collected from both primary and secondary sources to derive a suitable conclusion. Gold Bar, Coins, Jewellery, Gold ETF, Gold Account, Shares of Gold Mining Companies etc were the key determinants of the study. The study evidenced that 70 % of the Marwari businessmen of Guwahati city preferred physical form of gold over non-physical form of gold investment and 14 % of the businessmen preferred both the forms of investment.

The purpose of this paper is to empirically investigate the relationship among the economic growth, external debt and external debt servicing over the period 1979 to 2014with the addition of a fourth economic variable that is exports to analyse the export led growth hypothesis in India. The study employs statistical techniques such as Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Phillips-Perron (PP) unit root tests to check the order of integration, Johansen cointegration test to examine the long run relationship and Granger causality technique to investigate the existence and direction of causality among the variables. The study exhibits that all the variables have same order of integration and are stationary at first difference which allows for Johansen cointegration test and the result of the test supports the absence of long run relationship among the variables. The Pair wise Granger causality test showed that unidirectional causality runs from GDP per capita to external debt and external debt servicing, export to GDP per capita which supports the export led growth (ELG) hypothesis and external debt to external debt servicing. Thus, the health of the economy determines the demand for external debt and also the ability of a country to service its debt. From the policy point of view, it is recommended that export earnings could raise the economic growth rate and reduce the reliance of the economy on external debt.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between independence, financial expertise of the members of the audit committee and the presentation of the statements in the companies of Tehran stock Exchange. In this study, the independent variables are: financial expertise, independence. Size of Audit Committee and to be formal accountant of internal auditor head and the dependent variable is: restate financial statement and control variables included: the firm size, leverage, size of audit Firm and delay of audit report. For this purpose, the information of 73 companies in Tehran stock Exchange has been extracted during 2012-2015. Several variables with the data panel technique were analyzed using a multivariate regression. The results indicate that there is a significant and positive relation between the size of the audit committee and financial expertise of audit committee members with restate of financial statements. There is no meaningful relationship between the size of the audit committee and to be formal accountant of internal auditor head with restate of financial statements.

State of Jammu and Kashmir is so far in the infancy of development. Problems confronting the state are manifold and diverse. Major evils and issues obstructing the development of the state are like erosion of state autonomy, unutilized resource base of the state economy, mass unemployment, unstable and erratic nature of state finances, problem of law and order. The tempered autonomy of the state and its gradual erosion has broken the trust maintained under constitution (Article 370) between centre and the state. State’s unutilized resource base due to law and order problem has never allowed it to come out of the clutches of poverty, misery and backwardness, while its remote location and difficult terrain has added fuel to fire in its backward character. The finances have always been asymmetric and having suffered both from the over expenditure and insufficient revenues. An attempt will be made to make an analysis of the issues and to suggest the possible solution to economic problems. But, one can say that there can be no redressal of issues in the absence of peace and without taking people into confidence.

Foreign Direct Investment is a pool which minimize the gap of saving - investment. It is very important to fill the saving investment gap and export import gap, for a country like India. The main problem of India is deficit of savings which can be reduce by FDI. Integration of International Economic plays a very noteworthy role in the economy’s development. Foreign investments is needed for the sustainable GDP growth rate. The present Indian government has launched Make in India program to boost manufacturing sector for increasing output and employment opportunities in the country. Steps have been taken to incentivize domestic and foreign investors. The present study has focused on the trends of FDI Flow in India during 2000-01 to 2014-15. A comparison of different countries contribution to FDI inflows was also analyzed. FDI inflows in different sectors as well as distribution of the foreign investment in different states was also studied. To analyze all these objectives, data has been collected through secondary sources like reports and publication of Govt., Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Department of Industrial Promotion and Policy, Government of India, Reserve Bank of India, and World Investment Report. This research article is descriptive in nature.